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Psalm 64: Throughout Generations – Tehillim Themes

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Posted by Rabbi Yosef Tropper
July 15th, 2013
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This entry is part 69 of 69 in the series Tehillim Themes

Throughout Tehillim we find David expressing his total commitment and reliance in Hashem. Generations later, David’s descendant, Daniel, would embody this same trait despite his power and challenges. This psalm prophetically refers to his story (Midrash Socher Tov; Rashi). Darius the Mede took over the rule and appointed 120 satraps to govern his country. They were greedy and corrupt. Daniel was appointed as the head of all of them (along with 2 others). The 120 satraps got together and tried to take Daniel down as they were jealous of his prestige (see Daniel Chapter 6).

Daniel’s Life

Knowing that Daniel was a religious man who prayed three times daily, they pressured Darius to decree that it was prohibited for one to pray to anyone other than Darius for the first 30 days of his reign. The satraps succeeded in having the king decree that any prayers recited not directly to the king would be punished by execution by being thrown into the lion pit. Daniel refused to stop praying to Hahsem and was “caught.” (A discussion regarding why he was allowed to risk his life is beyond the scope of this essay but suffice it to say that some explain that the decree was a form of idolatry or individual persecution against Judaism) He was thrown into the lion den. He was saved miraculously by Hashem and all saw that Hashem was with him.

Their Own Plot

The psalm states (verse 9): “They stumbled by their own words.” What does this refer to?  When the satraps saw that Daniel was untouched by the lions, they did not stop there. They argued to the king that Daniel was not touched by the lions because they must not be hungry. The king saw through their scheme and realized how corrupt they were. He thus ordered that they all be thrown into the den to test if indeed the lions were hungry. Thus, they got the exact revenge which they tried to inflict on Daniel and lost their lives to the ferociously hungry lions, forever silencing the opponents of Daniel.

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Verse 10 states: “declare the work of Hashem.” When people witnessed the great miracle of Daniel’s salvation and the downfall of his conspirators they were brought to awe before Hashem, whom Daniel credited with his salvation. King Darius sent out a decree publicizing the miracle and giving credit to the Great God of Daniel who saved him. He acknowledged Hashem as the living God, eternal and all-powerful. When we experience the miracles and kindness of Hashem we strive to share it with others and pass on the honor and inspiration. Daniel followed in the footsteps of his great predecessors King David who used psalms as a powerful tool for singing Hashem’s praises.

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Psalm 63: Enjoying Life – Tehillim Themes

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Posted by Rabbi Yosef Tropper
July 12th, 2013
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This entry is part 68 of 69 in the series Tehillim Themes

As David ran from his pursuers he found himself stranded in the Judean desert. David was surrounded by Shaul’s army. Suddenly, David was overtaken by a debilitating thirst that terribly distracted him. David conjured up his spiritual strength in order to take the focus off of physically and to concentrate on strengthening his belief in Hashem’s salvation. David’s thirst thus switched into a spiritual awakening in which he felt drawn to closeness with Hashem. David of course ended up being saved from the great danger. What was his secret of success?

David states (verse 4), “For better is your kindness than life itself.” What does this mean? Targum explains that this verse is referring to the world to come. David was stating that life is for the purpose of bringing one to the ultimate reward in the world to come to experience Hashem’s unlimited kindness. Metzudos David interprets it to refer to the purpose of life which is to understand and experience Hashem’s kindness. What does this mean?

Important Question

There is a fundamental question that needs to be answered and that is: Why did Hashem create the world? For what purpose does he need or want us to exist? Ramchal explains numerous important ideas when addressing this question. The first lesson is that Hashem created man to give him the opportunity to achieve perfection, pleasure and the ultimate reward and enjoyment of closeness to Hashem. He wanted man to be able to be the owner of his own success by the sweat of his own brow. The only true way for one to enjoy something is for him to be the owner and creator of that success. When man works hard and earns his lot in the world to come, he achieves the deepest and most satisfying pleasure knowing that he brought good upon himself.

Ramchal continues that Hashem also created the world for the purpose of revealing His Name and attributes (in a manner humans can fathom with their limited level of understanding). He hid Himself under a veil of secrecy and slight distance. This allowed for the deniers to exist and for those who work towards truth to seek and find Him. The greater the darkness in this world, the more ultimate revelation is possible when Hashem’s power is revealed (Daas Tevunos).

David’s Life

David lived his life to the deep connection with Hashem. David realized that as difficult as his challenges were, everyday he was working to get closer to Hashem. Every day was an opportunity to build himself as a successful person. With this perspective David was able to sing and appreciate Hashem’s Kindness and providence. David learned how to enjoy life despite the greatest challenges.

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Psalm 62: Real Strength and Wealth – Tehillim Themes

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June 19th, 2013
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This entry is part 67 of 69 in the series Tehillim Themes

In this psalm David expressed his thoughts against his enemies who had power based on their strength and wealth. David states that these facets are fleeting and absolutely worthless when abused. They have no intrinsic worth or value. One’s might or wealth can never outdo the Will of Hashem. David’s life was fraught with pursuit and danger, leaving David often on the run and in fear for his life. But David prevailed and used the experience as one by which to draw closer to Hashem and to strengthen his faith in a most practical and relevant way.

National Level

The Jewish nation, represented by David, also experiences much abuse and threats from the surrounding nations of the world. The Jewish nation turns toward Hashem for salvation and hope and knows that there is no other place to turn to. David expresses (verse 13) the fact that ultimately justice will prevail and each person will receive his due judgment or reward. What is interesting is that David uses the work “chesed, kindness” to describe Hashem’s reward given to those who deserve it. If it is deserved, then why is it referred to as generosity and kindness?

Humility

David’s word choice expresses his life view and mantra. David did not see himself as owed anything by Hashem. David saw the kindness of Hashem throughout his daily life and made a conscience effort to thank Hashem and to sing His praise. This elevated David’s life and enhanced his ability to enjoy life. It also served to inspire David to accomplish great feats in learning and leadership all for the sake of serving Hashem (Talmud Berachos). David did not demand things from Hashem and thus he was left with much to be grateful about and little to be bitter and expectant for. David’s life was filled with great surprises of food, air, vitality and the beautiful world around him. David taught the nation what is most important. Any reward that David received from Hashem was seen as chesed, the greatest kindness.

Genuine

This is why David was the real warrior or Hashem and a truly rich man. David did not get distracted by outward appearances. In fact, when Shmuel HaNavi came to anoint the future Jewish king he looked at David and figured that such a short and simple person would not be the future king. But Hashem told Shmuel that he was mistaken, this modest shepherd boy had all that it would take to lead the Jewish nation. He would be the sweet singer of Israel whose melodies would guide the nation through celebration and hardship until the end of days.

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Psalm 61: Inextinguishable – Tehillim Themes

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Posted by Rabbi Yosef Tropper
June 12th, 2013
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This entry is part 66 of 69 in the series Tehillim Themes

The love that David had for Hashem was unable to be compromised no matter what befell David. David never questioned Hashem all of the time that he was being unjustly chased by Shaul and tormented by other advocacies. David begged Hashem to save him and to bring him to a place of peace and comfort. Sforno and Metzodos maintain that this specific psalm was composed when David was traveling to repel Aram as they attempted to annex the eastern boundaries of Israel.

Deeper Parable

Just as David cried out to Hashem for help, so too, the Jews cry in exile longing for Hashem’s salvation (Radak). This is why the psalm ends with a prayer for the continuation of the house of David. His family will lead the Jews as the leaders with the culmination of the Messiah. Let us explore this and its lessons.

David’s Special Thanks

Many psalms begin with the words, “Lamnatzieach, to the conductor” because this is a signal for the musician to play. However, this psalm is unique in that it opens with the words, “Lamnatzieach al neginas, for the conductor, a reason for song (Verse 1).” Midrash Pesikta Rabbasi (9:2) explains that David recognized that despite all of his challenges, he still had the presence of mind to be able to sing Hashem’s praises; he thought that was something well worth singing about! David celebrated the fact that even though his life was filled with experiences that could potentially distract him from spirituality and Hashem, never-the-less he exerted his efforts to utilize his challenges as opportunities for growth.

Prayer and Praise

David expressed (verse 2) an important point. “Hashem hear my song; heed my prayers.” When we sing the praise of Hashem this is the greatest form of prayer to Him. We are showing that we long for His Embrace and closeness. We are showing that we turn to him for clarity and support and we are showing that our world and perspective revolves around Him. David asks “to take shelter in Your wings (verse 5).” He saw Hashem as his place of refuge and security. When we recite the psalms we tap into this power and perspective and we connect with the deep longing of the Jewish nation to be close with Hashem and to merit national and personal salvation from all of our collective and individual needs. David’s excitement and faith is contagious. His works continue to inspire us thousands of years after they were penned.

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Psalm 60: World Peace – Tehillim Themes

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Posted by Rabbi Yosef Tropper
June 6th, 2013
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This entry is part 65 of 69 in the series Tehillim Themes

The psalm expresses David’s inner essence and hope for the world. Although David fought vigorously for the protection of the Jewish nation and was willing to go to war as the leader to protect his people, this was not his objective. On the contrary, David longed for world peace and expressed his commitment to truth and peace in this psalm.

Worldview

World peace is a means of expressing monotheism and general world unity. What is interesting to note is that throughout history the Pagan mythology depicts a chaotic heaven torn by warring “gods” suffering from jealousy, lust and greed. This is simply an exaggerated version of human struggles and desires. Jews, on the other hand, believe in One Creator and strive to understand and bring together the various elements of the world that lead to perfection (Rabbi Avraham Chaim Feuer). Thus, the Jews are the nation that centers the world and the Sanhedrin, Supreme Court is the center of that nation striving to keep the focus on justice, kindness and world order. David never went to battle without the consent and encouragement of this great body of leaders who were experts in Torah law and ethics. David battled the nations who wished to rebel against peace and world order.

Where Does it Start?

David expressed the importance of the tribes of Israel resolving their differences and coming together. Every tribe had different talents and modes of service of Hashem, but respect and compassion between one another is primary. That is why Menashe, Efraim and Yehuda (verse 9) are all mentioned and even referred to as the strongpoint of the nation. The peace established between these diverse tribes was one that would cause ripple effects throughout the nation and thus the world. Their resolution and commitment to unity would bring it about everywhere else as well. Ultimately, the friction between Judah, the sons of Leah, versus the sons of Rachel escalated after David and Solomon’s lives and tore the nation apart.

Peace Through God

David makes it clear as he was always careful to, that his success came only from relying fully on Hashem to bring victory (verse 14). David davened to Hashem to grant him military success, power and most importantly to fight his battles. As the Rambam (Melochim 7:15) so beautifully summarizes the encouragement given to every Jewish soldier: Depend on none other than God, the Hope and Savior of Israel. Fight for only God’s Holy name. Know that you are in mortal danger but fight with courage and without fear as you rely totally on Hashem while doing your part. This was how David waged war, always striving to put down his sword and shield and to unify the world in peace and harmony.

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Psalm 59: Peace of Mind and Kind – Tehillim Themes

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Posted by Rabbi Yosef Tropper
May 27th, 2013
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This entry is part 64 of 69 in the series Tehillim Themes

This psalm is the final of the three Al Tashcheis, don’t destroy, series. Shaul was taken by a fleeting and often returning madness. When David was once playing music to soothe Shaul, Shaul suddenly was overtaken by the madness and threw his spear at him to kill him. David fled knowing that things would never be the same. David was married to Michal, Shaul’s beautiful daughter who agreed to marry him after David slayed Goliath showing his spiritual greatness. Shaul sent soldiers to his daughter and son-in-law’s house to capture and execute David. Michal loved her husband and was committed to him. She thus snuck him out of a side window and diverted and lied to the soldiers.

Michal’s Claim

Michal placed a mannequin in David’s bed claiming that he was sick and unavailable. Shaul ordered that the bed be carried to him in the meantime giving David much time to escape and hide. David sang thanks to Hashem for once again orchestrating his close escape. Michal showed the importance of respecting and caring for one’s husband despite all outside pressure especially from family! David deeply loved and cared for her as well.

David’s Feat

One of the most impressive parts of these psalms is David’s ability to remain calm and focused. Despite the great turmoil in David’s life, he sang and gave thanks to Hashem for watching over and protecting him. David talks about Hashem’s kindness and gives thanks for its manifestation (Rashi verse 11).

Kindness

There is an interesting Kri and Ksiv found here. The verse reads, “chasdo, His Kindness,” in its actual text but is pronounced as, “chasdi, my kindness” according to our tradition. This hints to the fact that it is precisely in the merit of one’s kindness towards others (chosdi) that Hashem bestows His kindness upon you (chasdo). Hashem states that when you take care of my children and watch out for them, then I will watch over you and take care of your needs (Midrash). It thus emerges that David’s constant salvations came from Hashem in the merit of his kind acts of caring for and love towards his fellow Jews. David left his heartfelt prayers as a guide for Jews to use to get closer to and to call out to Hashem for help.

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Psalm 58: The Spider, Fly and Madman – Tehillim Themes

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Posted by Rabbi Yosef Tropper
May 22nd, 2013
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This entry is part 63 of 69 in the series Tehillim Themes

This psalm is the second of three that pray for the salvation of David and celebrate the fact that David did not kill Shaul when he had the chance. David showed his victorious garment corner cut off from Shaul to Shaul as a proof that he wanted to stop the fight. Unfortunately, Shaul did not allow peace to prevail when he argued stating that indeed David had the opportunity to kill him, however, he refrained not out of his love of peace but rather because of his fear. Shaul claimed that David feared that if he killed Shaul he would be killed by the nation (Midrash Socher Tov).

Even Worse

Shaul’s general Abner, took David’s claim personally. He was shocked that he had left the king unguarded and almost victim to his greatest enemy and assassination. Thus, Abner claimed that David was a liar and that Shaul had simply gotten his garment stuck and torn on a thorn after which David found it and made his claim (Yerushalmi Sotah 1:8). Both Shaul and Abner denied the significance of David’s heroic act and thus rekindled the death match between them. This psalm contains David’s hope and belief that despite all outside events, Hashem’s will and protection will prevail. David ended up escaping Shaul and was king for 40 years from age 30 to 70 when he passed away leaving a 12 year old Solomon to be king after him (for 40 years as well, until 52 when he died).

Purpose

Otzar Midrashim (I: p.47) brings down a fascinating story in David’s life. David sat in his garden watching a flea attack a spider. Suddenly, a madman came by and chased both insects away with a stick. David sat bewildered and asked God, “Why did you create these three creatures in the world? They serve no purpose. The flea simply bites people; the spider weaves, but we do not wear its web. The madman causes damage to others and does not know Your Greatness. What benefit is there for them in this world?” God responded, “David, a time will come that you will need all three and you will see their purpose!”

Before quoting the end of the story it is important to explain that the experiences that David had after that showed him not the exact reason that each creature was needed, but the fact that Hashem’s wisdom and calculations cannot be fathomed. David and certainly anyone else, as a limited human could never fully grasp the calculations and plans of Hashem. David was granted insight to see some of the wisdom of Hashem up close.

Three Events

Psalm 56 describes how David was saved from Achish by feigning madness. Achish captured David and wished to execute him. When he saw his captured prize was insane he concluded that this man was a king imposter and banished him from his country. This was David’s lesson about madness. Next, Psalm 57, refers to David’s hiding in a cave with all of his men. Shaul discovered the cave and was suspicious that perhaps David was hiding in there. However, Hashem sent a spider to seal off the cave’s entrance with intricate webs convincing Shaul that no one could have possibly entered leaving the webs intact. Shaul then entered and used the area as a restroom. David cut off a corner of Shaul’s royal robe and refused to kill him.

Later, when David saw the spider he kissed it and exclaimed, “Blessed is G-d who fashioned this wondrous creature.” Psalm 58 describes how God sent a slumber upon Shaul’s camp and David and Avishai snuck in to steal Shaul’s spear and jug of water. David snuck in underneath Abner’s feet which were bent upward and were the only open area leading to King Shaul. After reaching Shaul, Abner stretched out his feet in his sleep and David called out to Hashem for mercy. Hashem sent a flea to bite Abner causing him to return his feet to a bent position and thus avoiding an all out war had David woken Abner. Thus, these three psalms express David’s important lesson which he learned firsthand (Rabbi Avraham Chaim Feuer). Every item and person has a purpose in life which contributes to the honor of Hashem and the goal of tikkun haolam, the bringing of the world to perfection.

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Psalm 57: David’s Lesson – Tehillim Themes

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May 17th, 2013
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This entry is part 62 of 69 in the series Tehillim Themes

King Shaul took a search team of three thousand men to the desert of En Gedi in search of David. Shual distanced himself from his men to use the restroom in private unknowingly entering the cave which David and his men were hiding in! This was a real moment of truth. David’s men urged him to act and to finally kill the man who had made his life miserable. This would have been more than justified. David refused but did wish to make his mark. He chose to cut off a small corner from Shaul’s garment as a testimony that he had the opportunity to end Shaul’s life but chose not to carry this out because he was not his enemy. David felt that this action could finally end the rivalry and his pursuit (See I Samuel 24 for details). He was correct but only for a short while…

Emotional Composition

David composed three psalms (57-59) that expressed his feelings on the matter. Each psalm opens with the words, “Do not destroy,” beseeching Hashem to protect David from all harm. Additionally, it is a play on words expressing David’s plea not to have to kill Shaul as well (Alshich). What is interesting is that David was also expressing a most important principle here. Do not learn from the evil actions of Shaul and come to do what is morally incorrect. David felt that it was important to think matters through based on the light of logic and morality and not to simply learn from societal influences. Dovid showed himself to possess deep rooted moral integrity.

Turn To Hashem

David stated (verse 3), “I will call upon God, Most High.” Even though his situation was hopeless and he did not know whether he would ever be spared from Shaul, David realized that God is all-powerful and the only One worth turning to for salvation. Despite the power that Shual or anyone else had, Hashem is more powerful than any other power in the world (Radak).

Effects

It is interesting to explore the results of David’s actions in the cave in which he passed up the opportunity to terminate Shaul and instead cut his cloak. Rashi (in Samuel) quotes a Midrash that states that the prophet Samuel came to rebuke Shaul for leaving the Amaleki animals and king alive. Samuel grasped Shaul’s cloak and tore it. He then shared his prophetic message, “because of your sin, God will tear away the kingdom from you.” Shaul asked who would replace him. Samuel replied, “the man who will rip the corner of your cloak just as I did now.” Midrash Socher Tov states that Shaul remembered this well and after recognizing what David did in the cave he declared, “David will be the king and will surely rule (I Samuel 24:20)” in this world and the next.”

Chazal tell us that King David tore off the corner of Shaul’s cloak thus invaliding his four-cornered garment and rendering his tzitzis pasul, invalid. David’s actions were punished by God (unlike the action of Samuel which was done according to God’s command). “One who does not respect clothing will not benefit from their warmth and protection (Berachos 62b). David should have found another way of making his mark other than tearing the cloak. David was thus punished that at the end of his life he was unable to maintain his own body heat by means of any clothing. Hashem was very strict with him because of his great statute and never did David question Hashem’s judgment.

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Psalm 56: David’s Plan – Tehillim Themes

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Posted by Rabbi Yosef Tropper
May 9th, 2013
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This entry is part 61 of 69 in the series Tehillim Themes

David visited Gath in psalm 34 (see essay there). His life was in danger and he miraculously escaped the Philistine King Achish who wanted to execute him. David had a plan to escape from Shaul who wanted him dead. But Hashem had other plans…

Solution

David realized that King Shaul wanted him dead and would not be pacified. David had exhausted all possibilities of escape. He did all that was humanly possible and required of him. Suddenly, he realized that perhaps there was another way. David devised a plan whereby he would seek refuge by fleeing to a hostile foreign king who would offer him protection out of his own hatred for Shaul. David arrived in Gath and was profoundly disappointed to find that the king’s own bodyguard was none other than Goliath’s brother. David had saved the Jews by defeating Goliath in battle, and now the giant’s brother wanted revenge. David was miraculously saved by Hashem and learned the lesson once again that only God can protect him. This psalm is an expression of this lesson in a most deep manner.

Silenced

David opened the psalm with, “The silenced wandering dove (verse 1).”  The dove is the pure Jewish nation. David was wandering far away from Jewish civilization and was silenced by the dangers around him. He recognized that Hashem was the only One Who could save him. David used his life’s experiences to deepen his faith and trust in Hashem.

Stored

David expressed a most famous principle, “place my tears in a flask and keep a record (verse 9).” David understood that sometimes things did not go the way that he wanted them to. Sometimes David would pray and God would not grant him the request. David did not claim that he prayed and was not answered, on the contrary David said, “I prayed and was answered. The answer was no, this is not the best thing for you.” But even with that answer, David’s tears and prayers were not for naught. Rather, they were stored and put away for another time and place when prayer would be applicable and would cause movement.

Hashem created the ability for our prayers to change the outcome of events (Tosfos Rosh Hashana 16a) but at the same time we do not have the power to change the past (Berachos 54a). David realized that any prayer which he uttered had lasting value and made its impact in heaven and down on earth as well. The question would only be left to God’s discretion as to when the prayer would take effect. David taught us to value God’s opinion and know that He has our best interest in mind at all times.

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Psalm 55: David’s Trust – Tehillim Themes

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Posted by Rabbi Yosef Tropper
May 1st, 2013
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This entry is part 60 of 69 in the series Tehillim Themes

The past few psalms focused on David’s sadness over those who wished to harm him. This psalm expresses David mourning of the loss of a friend and once trusted confidant. Achitofel betrayed David and proclaimed himself his archenemy. David had studied Torah with Achitofel and they had also developed their political careers together. David was heart-broken when it was none other than Achitofel who incited David’s own son Absalom to rebel against his own father. David learned the sad truth that Achitofel’s friendship had never been one of love and mutual admiration. Rather, Achitofel simply wanted to advance his own personal gains. In fact, he never even intended to help Absalom in his rebellion to ascend to the throne either. Rather, he wished to have Absalom do all of the work for him after which Achitofel would dispose of him and claim the crown.

Strength

David realized his sadness and frustration and felt the desire to pull away from society and not trust anyone else. David was betrayed by his own son and by his close friend, David lost faith in humanity; he wished to escape (verse 7). David was only brought back to reality with the recognition that he was King of Israel and that despite his personal suffering and challenges, Hashem had entrusted him with the directive to lead and guide the nation. David had to remain strong for their sake. David would seek more trustworthy friends and he would treat others with the respect that he wished bestowed on him.

Location

David expresses the fact that he wished to “run away to dwell in the desert… (verse 8).” Rambam (Deos 6:1) notes that man must dwell in a place that he feels physically and spiritually safe. If one of these aspects is challenged, then he is better off dwelling in the desert as apposed to remaining in a place of danger. Rambam notes that spiritual danger can have deep adverse effects on man as man is influenced by his surroundings. David expressed this danger in the verse. And yet, in the end he did not flee to the desert. David recognized that there are good people in this world. It is true that David experienced evil plots against him, but this was coming from individuals, not from the majority of the inhabitants.

Salvation

David prayed to Hashem and strove to bring back stability to his life. David’s theme of trust in Hashem was repeated and deepened on a daily basis. There is no other place to turn for help except to Hashem. David even concludes the psalm giving credit to the masses of his supporters whom he felt had a hand in praying for and securing his ultimate safety (verse 19).

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